Test of English as a Foreign Language disingkat TOEFL adalah ujian kemampuan
berbahasa Inggris (logat Amerika) yang diperlukan untuk mendaftar masuk ke kolese
(college) atau universitas di Amerika Serikat atau negara-negara lain di dunia. Ujian ini
sangat diperlukan bagi pendaftar atau pembicara yang bahasa ibunya bukan bahasa
Inggris. Ujian TOEFL ini diselenggarakan oleh kantor ETS (Educational
Testing Service) di Amerika Serikat untuk semua peserta tes di seluruh
dunia.
Jenis tes bahasa Inggris TOEFL ini pada umumnya diperlukan untuk
persyaratan masuk kuliah pada hampir semua universitas di Amerika Serikat dan
Kanada baik untuk program undergraduate (S-1) maupun graduate
(S-2 atau S-3). Hasil tes TOEFL ini juga dipakai sebagai bahan pertimbangan
mengenai kemampuan bahasa Inggris dari calon mahasiswa yang mendaftar ke
universitas di negara lain, termasuk universitas di Eropa dan Australia. Secara
umum, tes TOEFL lebih berorientasi kepada American English, dan sedikit
berbeda dengan jenis tes IELTS yang berorientasi kepada British
English. Tidak seperti tes IELTS, tes TOEFL ini pada umumnya tidak
mempunyai bagian individual interview test. Selain itu TOEFL pada dewasa
ini sudah mulai digunakan dalam dunia kerja sebagai salah satu mekanisme
rekruitment atau jenjang kenaikan pangkat.
Biasanya tes ini memakan waktu sekitar tiga jam dan diselenggarakan dalam 4
bagian, yaitu bagian:
·
listening comprehension,
·
grammar structure and written
expression,
·
reading comprehension, dan bagian
·
writing
Jenis TOEFL dan Skornya
Tes bahasa inggris TOEFL terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu Computer-based
Testing dan Paper-Based Testing. Model Computer-based Testing
adalah tes yang menggunakan media komputer. Skor penilaian model ini berada
pada kisaran 216-677. Sedangkan Paper Based Testing adalah tes yang
menggunakan kertas sebagai media pengujiannya. Skor penilaian dengan model ini
berada pada kisaran 450-550 ke atas. Nilai hasil ujian TOEFL
berkisar antara: 310 (nilai minimum) sampai 677 (nilai maximum) untuk versi PBT
(paper-based test).
Sejak tahun 1998, tes TOEFL ini diadakan secara online dengan menggunakan komputer (Computer-based Testing/CBT), dan sejak tahun 2005 disebut iBT (Internet-based Test). Di tempat-tempat yang belum bisa melaksanakan CBT atau iBT (karena belum ada fasilitas komputer dan jaringan internetnya), ujian TOEFL ini masih tetap diadakan secara manual menggunakan kertas dan potlot (paper-based test atau PBT). Informasi lebih lengkap tentang tes CBT dan paper-based TOEFL berkaitan dengan pendaftaran, lokasi penyelenggaraan, biaya, dan bahan-bahan persiapan tes dapat dilihat di situs resmi TOEFL, http://www.toefl.org (hasil ujian TOEFL versi CBT mempunyai nilai berkisar antara 0 sampai 300, sementara nilai untuk iBT adalah dari 0 sampai 120).
Akhir-akhir ini penyelenggara tes TOEFL juga mengadakan jenis tes TWE (Test of Written English) yang hasil nilainya terpisah dari nilai tes TOEFL. Tes ini memakan waktu selama 30 menit, dan peserta akan diminta untuk menuliskan karangan singkat yang menggambarkan mengenai kemampuan peserta untuk mengekspresikan dan menuangkan suatu gagasan atau ide, serta mendukung gagasan itu dengan contoh-contoh yang terdapat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dengan menggunakan bahasa Inggris yang standar. Bila TWE (Test of Written English) termasuk bagian yang diujikan, biasanya tes ini dilaksanakan sebelum ujian Listening Comprehension
Sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOEFL
Listening
Listening is often confused with hearing. While
hearing is a biological process that can be scientifically explained, listening
is a neurological cognitive regarding the processing of auditory stimuli
received by the auditory system.
Roland Barthes, a linguist, distinguishes between hearing and listening,
stating, "Hearing is a physiological phenomenon; listening is a
psychological act." Barthes also states that "whereas for centuries
listening could be defined as an intentional act of audition...today it is
granted the power (and virtually the function) of playing over unknown spaces
" including unconscious forms. Hearing is always occurring, most of the
time subconsciously. Listening is the interpretative action taken by the
listener in order to understand and potentially make meaning out of the sound
waves. Listening can be understood on three levels: alerting, deciphering, and
an understanding of how the sound is produced and how the sound affects the
listener.
Alerting, the first level, does nothing to distinguish human from animal.
At the alerting level one merely picks up on certain environmental sound cues.
While discussing this level, Barthes mentions the idea of territory being
demarcated by sounds. This is best explained using the example of one's home.
One's home, for instance, has certain sounds associated with it that make it
familiar and comfortable. An intrusion sound (e.g. a squeaking door or
floorboard, a breaking window) alerts the dweller of the home to the potential
danger.
In a metaphorical way, deciphering, the second level, is to listening what
digestion is to eating. An example of this level is that of a child waiting for
the sound of his mother's return home. In this scenario the child is waiting to
pick up on sound cues (e.g. jingling keys, the turn of the doorknob, etc) that
will mark his mother's approach.
Understanding, the third level of listening, means knowing how what one
says will affect another. This sort of listening is important in
psychoanalysis. Barthes states that the psychoanalyst must turn off their
judgement while listening to the analysand in order to communicate with their
patient's unconscious in a unbiased fashion.
Listening differs from obeying. Parents may commonly conflate the two, by
telling a disobedient child that he "didn't listen to me". However, a
person who receives and understands information or an instruction, and then
chooses not to comply with it or to agree to it, has listened to the speaker,
even though the result is not what the speaker wanted
Sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening
READING
A : are you cooking ?
B : yes, i am
A : what food are you cooking ?
B : i am cooking rice
A : is mother cooking too ?
B : no, she isn’t
A : what is mother doing ?
B : she is sewing.
Struktur Toefl - Grammar
Pengertian grammar
Menurut wikipedia adalah “grammar is the set of structural rules
that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural
language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field
includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics,
semantics, and pragmatics. Linguists do not normally use the term to refer to
orthographical rules, although usage books and style guides that call
themselves grammars may also refer to spelling and punctuation.” Sedangkan pengertian grammar menurut Oxford
learner’s pocket dictionary adalah : book that describes the rules for
forming words and making sentences.
TOEFL merupakan singkatan dari Test Of English as a Foreign Language. TOEFL adalah
standardisasi kemampuan bahasa inggris seseorang secara tertulis yang meliputi
empat aspek penguasaan: Listening, Writing dan Reading.
Struktur Grammar
A. Basic Sentences Stucture
In general, there was no significant difference
between the structure of English sentences with Indonesian, where a sentence is
built upon four main components, namely.
Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)
Example :
We studied grammar last week
We + studied + grammar + last week
S + V + C + M
1.
SUBJECT
Ø is the agent of sentence in the active voice
Ø is thing/person that performs or responsible for the action of a sentence
Ø normally precedes the verb
Example :
· I explain how to study
English
· She listens to my
explanation
· They didn’t understand
that language
The subject can be seen from the question who or what is doing the action of a sentence.
The subject can be seen from the question who or what is doing the action of a sentence.
2.
VERB
Verb is the action of a sentence. Verb phrase:
auxilaries combination with the main verb.
Example :
· I am
learning English (am = auxilary, learning = main verb)
· My
brother is very clever
· She has
gone home (has = auxilary, gone = main verb)
· I have been
waiting here (have been = auxilary, waiting = main verb)
3.
COMPLEMENT
ü Usually a noun or noun phrase
ü usually found after the verb in the active sentence
ü complement to answer the question what or whom
example :
ü Sarijon bought a cake yesterday
ü What did Sarijon buy yesterday? –> a cake.
ü He saw Tony at
the movie
ü Whom did he see at the movie? –> Tony
ü I explain pharmacology to my students
ü What do I explain to my students? –> pharmacology
4.
MODIFIER
ü Modifier describes the time, place, or manner of an action or actions
ü The most common form of the modifier is a propositional phrase (group of
words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun. Preposition = on,
out, under, behind, etc
ü Modifier answer the questions when, where, or how
Example :
ü John bought a book at a
book fair
ü Where did John buy a book? –> at a
book fair
ü She is driving very fast
ü How is she driving? –> very fast
ü I posted my application yesterday
ü When do I post my application? –> yesterday
example problems :
1) The Eiffel Tower is
a landmark in Paris, France
2) Young deer is
fawns
3) A dream about falling
is scary
4) Those flowers are
beautiful
B. Parallel Structure
Parallelism means that the words used in a series or
group that should have the same form as grammar. When we use words or phrases
that are connected by a chain, then it must be the same shape as grammar.
Consider the following example:
· Terry likes swimming
and to dive. (False - not parallel)
· Terry likes swimming
and diving. (True - parallel)
· Terry likes to swim
and (to) dive. (True - parallel)
· I'm taking history,
math, and chemical. (False - Chemical not a noun)
· I'm taking history,
math, and chemistry
Example problem :
Identify and correct the mistakes in parallel structure in the following
sentences
1. I swept the yard, weeded the garden and washed
the clothes.
2. James decided to get up early, practice some yoga and eat
healthy foods.
3. Although I trained hard, practiced every day and listened
to my trainer, I never won a tournament.
4. I wish he would listen to me, take my advice and stop
smoking.
5. He is an articulate, intelligent and thoughtful
speaker.
C. Comparative Adjectives
When talking about the two objects, we can compare and
see the differences as well similarities between the two objects. Maybe it has
the same thing on one side and the difference on the other side. To compare the
difference between the two objects we use comparative adjectives. Comparison is
only using comparative adjectives to compare between two objects only.
There are two ways to create a comparative adjectives:
1.Adding the suffix-er (short adjectives)
2. Adding more prefix (long adjectives)
Addition of a suffix rule for short adjectives:
ü Generally only added
adjective-er, for example: older, smaller, richer, etc.
ü If the ending-e, just add r, for
example: later, nicer, etc.
ü If the ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant, the
final consonant plus, then plus-er, for example: bigger, hotter, etc.
ü If the ending-y, then y changed to i then added er,
for example: happier, Earlier, busier, heavier, etc.
ü For long adjectives, the rule
only adds more words only on adjectives, for example: expensive to be more
expensive, more beautiful to be beautiful, and so on. Some adjectives have
irregular shapes, such as good - better, well (healthy) - better, bad - worse,
far - farther / further, etc.
Adjectives with two syllables can use-er or more:
quiet - quieter / more quiet, clever - cleverer / more clever, narrow -
narrower / more narrow, simple - Simpler / more simple. Comparative adjectives
are not only used to compare two different objects, but can also be used to
compare the same object that points to itself, and the object is not to say, as
one example sentence above: I want to have a more powerful computer.
Adjectives with two syllables
If the adjective has two or more syllables, we add more before the
adjective. example:
ü This book is more expensive than
that book.
ü This picture is more beautiful.
However, there are many exceptions to the rule of one / two syllables it.
Some words with 2 syllables have properties similar to words that have 1 syllable.
Some words with 2 syllables have properties similar to words that have 1 syllable.
Example:
§ This is Easier – True
§ This is more easy - not really
§ This is Simpler – True
§ This is more simple - not true
And some adjectives can use both comparative form. example:
· Clever - cleverer - more clever: These are all correct
· Quiet - quieter - more quiet: These are all correct.
No exceptions can be learned through the rules, the best way to learn is to learn it one by one.
Example problems :
1.
The Nile river is longer than the Amazon.
2.
I’m taller than Yuri but shorter than Miko.
3.
They’re more handsome than us, but we’re smarter
than them.
4.
This book bag is more expensive than that bag.
5.
This newspaper is better than that newspaper.
Selain contoh diatas ada juga struktur toefl grammar yang lainnya yaitu :
a) Passive Voice
Kalimat pasif jelas berbeda dengan kalimat aktif.
Kegunaannya pun berbeda dalam bahasa Inggris. Dalam kalimat aktif, subjek lah
yang melakukan pekerjaan, sedangkan dalam kalimat pasif, objek lah yang
melakukan pekerjaan.
Perubahan kalimat dari aktif menjadi kalimat pasif
dapat dilihat sebagai berikut :
Aktif : Hendry often helps my mother.
Pasif : My mother is often helped by Hendry.
Aktif : I sent this
letter three days ago.
Pasif : This letter was sent by me three days ago.
Kalimat pasif digunakan jika kita ingin memfokuskan kejadiannya, bukan
siapa ataupun apa yang melakukannya.
Contoh :
The city
was destroyed during the World War II.
(Kota
itu hancur selama Perang Dunia II.)
Kalimat pasif juga digunakan jika kita ingin
menghindari suatu objek yang semu seperti somebody/someone.
Contoh :
The
letter has to be sent today.
(Suratnya harus dikirim hari ini.)
Dalam passive voice kita juga dapat menggunakan
“by” jika kita ingin mengatakan siapa atau apa yang melakukan suatu
kejadian.
Contoh :
The
fence was broken last week. à tidak diketahui siapa/apa pelakunya.
The
fence was broken by the storm last week. à menjadi diketahui.
b)
Adjective
Adjective merupakan kata sifat yang digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda. Adjective
dapat digunakan di depan benda countable ataupun uncountable.
Contoh :
expensive
bag à tas mahal
new
Friend à teman baru
Berikut adalah jenis-jenis adjective :
ü Qualitative adj : menerangkan bentuk/kejadian
suatu benda.
(big,
small, tall, etc.)
ü Distributive adj : bersifat distributive
(every,
either, each, etc.)
ü Possessive adj : menunjukan kepunyaan.
(his,
her, my, etc.)
ü Demonstrative adj : untuk menunjuk suatu benda.
(that,
this, those, etc.)
ü Interrogative adj : untuk menanyakan suatu benda.
(which,
what, whose)
ü Quantitative adj : menerangkan jumlah benda.
(many,
some, much, etc.)
ü Colour
adj :
menerangkan warna benda.
(red,
green, yellow, etc.)
Ada juga jenis adjective yang berikutnya, yaitu compound
adjective.
Compound Adjective yaitu kata bilangan
yang dapat digabungkan dengan kata benda dalam bentuk singular.
Contoh :
a. Age
(usia)
A fifty years old
woman. à salah
A fifty year old
woman. à benar
b. Volume (isi)
He has just
bought a ten litres car. à salah
He has just bought a
ten litre car. à
benar
c. Length (panjang)
Fifteen metre
house. (not metres)
Price (harga)
Sixty dollar camera. (not
dollars)
d. Weight (bobot)
Ten kilo
package. (not kilos)
e. Are (bidang)
Twenty acre
farm. (not acres)
f. Time (waktu)
Two hour
meeting. (not hours)
c) Comparison Degree
Adalah tingkat-tingkat perbandingan yang terdiri dari
jenis-jenis berikut :
1) Positive degree
Menunjukan kesamaan mutu, banyaknya, tingkatan,
derajat, antara suatu benda dengan benda lainnya.
Contoh :
The girl
is as old as my mother.
I am as tall
as my sister.
2) Comparative degree
Digunakan jika kita ingin menunjukan secara jelas
bahwa terdapat ketidaksamaan perbandingan antara benda yang satu dengan benda
lainnya.
Contoh :
I’m
shorter than my brother.
My bag is more expensive than her.
Aturan dalam comparative degree ini
adalah jika kata sifat kurang atau sama 2 suku kata, maka untuk perbandingannya
kita menambahkan “er” pada kata sifat tersebut. Tetapi jika kata sifat yang
kita gunakan untuk membandingkan adalah lebih dari 2 suku kata, maka kita
tambahkan “more” di depan kata sifat tersebut.
3) Superlative degree
Digunakan untuk membandingkan seseorang atau beda yang
melebihi orang-orang atau benda-benda lainnya. (paling)
Contoh :
Dave is the tallest in the class.
Ellie is the most diligent student.
Aturan dalam superlative degree ini mirip seperti comparative degree. Jika kata yang kita gunakan untuk membandingkan kurang atau sama dengan 2 suku kata, maka kita tambahkan “est” pada kata tersebut. Sedangkan jika lebih dari 2 suku kata maka kita tambahkan “most” di depan kata tersebut.
d) Adjective Clause
Merupakan anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai modifier
atau menggantikan kedudukan dari adjective dalam kalimat majemuk.
Contoh :
1. The boy who studies in Gunadarma
University is Doni.
2. The man whom you met yesterday is my
father.
3. The girl whose dress is white is my
sister.
Who, whom, whose, kemudian ada juga which, dan that merupakan relative
clauses yang fungsinya adalah melengkapi adjective clause.
Masing-masing relative clauses digunakan sebagai
berikut :
Who
: digunakan berhubungan dengan
subjek (orang)
Whom : digunakan berhubungan dengan
objek (orang)
Which : digunakan berhubungan dengan subjek atau objek
(benda)
That
: digunakan berhubungan dengan
subjek atau objek (benda/orang)
Whose : digunakan berhubungan dengan kata ganti milik.
e) The Zero Article
Merupakan kata sandang yang kadang-kadang tidak
digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris.
Kata sandang tidak digunakan di depan kata benda plural
jika yang dimaksud adalah sesuatu yang bersifat umum.
Contoh :
a) People
: Doctors are paid better than teacher.
b) Animals
: Cats don’t like cold weather.
c) Food
: Carrots are good for eyes.
d) Places
: Museums are closed on Monday.
Sumber : http://dezhi-myblogger.blogspot.com/2013/05/struktur-toefl-grammar.html
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